2025-01-08 15:15:43 [您的教师考试网]
第一部分语法知识
1. both/all/either/any/neither/none的用法比较
都 | 任何(一个) | 都不 | |
两者 | both | either | neither |
三者或三者以上 | all | any | none |
①—When shall we meet again?
—Make it anyday you like; it’s allthe same to me.
②—Can you come on Monday or Tuesday?
—I am afraid neitherday is possible.
③—There is tea and coffee; you can have either.
—Thanks.
2. 不定冠词的用法
(1)不定冠词a/an表示“一个”的含义,意为one,指某人或某物,意为a certain。例如:A Mr. Ling is waiting for you. 有位凌先生在等你。
(2)不定冠词a/an放在序数词前表示“又一、再一”的含义,例如:I’d like to have a third cup of tea. 我想再来一杯茶。
3. 冠词短语
(1)有“the”有被动,无“the”无被动
in possession of拥有;in the possession of被……拥有
in control of控制、管理;in the control of受……控制
in charge of负责、管理;in the charge of由……来照料
(2)有“the”有特指,无“the”无特指
by sea经海路;by the sea在海边
by day(在)白天;by the day按日(计算)
go to church做礼拜;go to the church去教堂
in prison被监禁;in the prison在监狱做事
go to prison入狱;go to the prison去监狱
in future从今以后;in the future在未来
(3)有“the”有问题,无“the”无问题
out of question毫无疑问,肯定;out of the question不可能
4. 情态动词表“推测”
(1)对现在事实的推测:用“情态动词+be”“情态动词+be doing”或“情态动词+v.”
①must是对现在事实的肯定推测,can’t是对现在事实的否定推测。例如:
The light is still on, so he mustbe at home. 灯亮着,他肯定在家。
It can’tbe Tony’s car, because he is too poor to afford it. 这不可能是托尼的车,他没钱买车。
②should表肯定推测,预测可能性;意为“(按道理)应该”。例如:
It’s 4:30. They shouldbe in New York by now. 现在是4点半,他们应该到达纽约了。
③may与might表示推测,一般不用于疑问句。(might比may可能性更低。)
(2)对过去事实的推测:用“情态动词+have+过去分词”
①must have + done对过去发生的行为的肯定推测,意为“一定,肯定”,例如:
It must have rainedlast night. The ground is wet. 昨天肯定下雨了,因为地面是湿的。
【注意】否定或疑问形式用can’t have done,而不用mustn’t have done。
②can/could have + done表示对过去事情做肯定、可能性较大的推测。例如:
There is no light in the room. Where can they have gone? 屋内没有开灯,他们可能去那儿了?
can’t have done/couldn’t have done不可能(对过去发生行为的怀疑或不肯定)。例如:
Mr. Smith can’t have goneto Beijing, for I saw him in the library just now.
③may(might)+ have done表示对过去事情做可能性很小的推测。例如:
We can’t find her. She may have gotlost. 我们没有找到她,她可能走丢了。
(3)对将来发生的行为的推测,表示可能干了某事。例如:
Who knows what will happen? You may even have marriedby then.谁知道将来会发生什么?也许到那个时候你已经结婚了。
5. 完成体的常见用法
(1)现在完成时用来表示过去的动作或状态持续到现在并且已经完成,并对现在造成影响,可能持续发生下去。其构成为:主语+助动词(have/has)+动词的过去分词。通常有两种基本用法:
①影响性用法:表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态,其结果的影响现在还存在。
例如:I’ve already read this book. 我已经读过这本书了。
②持续性用法:表示过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作和状态。例如:
I haven’t seen him for three years. 我三年没有见过他了。
(2)现在完成时的高频句型
①This/It is the+序数词+that从句(从句中用现在完成时)。例如:
This is the first time that I have heardher sing. 这是我第一次听她唱歌。
②This/It is the+形容词最高级+名词+that从句(从句中用现在完成时)。例如:
It is the best film that I have ever seen.这是我看过的最好看的电影。
③since +过去一个时间点(如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six)。例如:I have been heresince 2016. 2016年起,我一直在这儿。
④since +一段时间+ ago。例如:
I have been heresince five months ago. 我在这儿,已经有五个月了。
⑤since +从句。例如:
Great changes have taken placesince you left. 你走后,变化可大了。
(3)过去完成时表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作,它表示动作的时间是“过去的过去”,其构成是:had +过去分词。例如:
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到达时,小偷们早就跑了。
6. 主动形式表示被动意义
(1)表示主语的某种属性特征的动词,如:wash,clean,cook,iron,cut,sell,read,wear,draw,write等,用主动形式表示被动意义。例如:
The book sells well. 这本书很畅销。
This knife cuts easily. 这刀子很好用。
(2)blame,let(出租),remain,rent,build等,用主动形式表示被动意义。例如:
I was to blame for the accident. 事故发生了,我该受指责。
Much work remains. 还有许多活要干。
(3)在need,require,want,worth(形容词),deserve后的动名词用主动形式表示被动意义。例如:
The door needs repairing. =The door needs to be repaired.门该修了。
(4)系动词look,sound,feel,smell,taste,appear,seem,go,prove,turn,stay,become,fall,get,grow,keep+形容词/名词构成系表结构,用主动形式表示被动意义。例如:
The steel feels cool. 钢摸起来很冷。
It has gone bad. 它已经变质了。
7. 非谓语动词作状语
(1)不定式作状语
①不定式作结果状语常用在下列句式中:so...as to;such...as to;enough...to; too... to...;only to(常表示意外或事与愿违的结果)。
②不定式可作目的状语。例如:
Bob took down my telephone number so as/ in order not to forget it. 鲍勃记下了我的电话号码以免忘了。
③不定式在某些形容词后表喜怒哀乐等原因。例如:
I am so sorry to hear about your failure in business。听说你事业失败我很遗憾。
(2)分词可以用作状语。例如:
Being a League member, he is always helping others. 作为一个共青团员,他总是帮助别人。
Seen from the hill, the city is beautiful. 从山上看,城市很漂亮。
8. 非谓语动词与独立主格结构
(1)独立主格结构由名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语构成。
(2)独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在;名词或代词与后面的分词、形容词、副词、不定式、介词等是主谓关系或动宾关系;独立主格结构一般由逗号与主句分开。例如:
The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 考试结束了,我们开始放假。
9. 关系代词的用法
(1)which用于指物或替代整个句子,在从句中可作主语或宾语,作宾语时常可省略。例如:
In this school, which has 24 classes, 480 students graduate each year.
这所学校有24个班,每年有480名学生毕业。
(2)that既可指人又可指物,在从句中可作主语、宾语、表语等,作宾语时常可省略。that指人时常可与who或whom互换,指物时常可与which互换。例如:
She showed the visitors around the museum that/which had been constructed three years ago.她带着这些游客参观了那座三年前建造的博物馆。
(3)who,whom的用法
who或whom均可指代人,但who在从句中作主语或宾语,whom在从句中作宾语;两者在引导限制性定语从句时常可用that替换。作主语时,who/that不可省略;作宾语时,whom/who/that可以省略。例如:
I’ve become good friends with several of the students in my school (who/whom/that)I met in the English speech contest last year.我与好几位去年在英语演讲比赛中结识的同校同学成了好朋友。
(4)whose的用法
whose表所属关系,既可指人也可指物,在从句中作定语。指物时相当于of which;指人时相当于of whom,且要加定冠词the。例如:
The school shop, whose(=of which the)customers are mainly students, is closed for the holidays. 这家校内商店的主要顾客是学生,放假时商店关门。
(5)as的用法
as作关系代词既可指人也可指物,在从句中可作主语、宾语或表语。引导限制性定语从句时,一般用于such…as..., the same…as..., as…as…, so…as…结构中。例如:
Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China.(as作主语)
在我们车间使用的机器是中国制造的。
It’s such a heavy stone as nobody can move.(as作宾语)
那是一块重得没人能移得动的石头。
10. 关系副词的用法
(1)关系副词where表地点,在定语从句中作地点状语,相当于“介词in/at/on...+which”。例如:
A bank is the place where they lend you an umbrella in fair weather and ask for it back when it begins to rain.银行是在天晴之时借伞给你,到了下雨时就催你还回去的地方。
(2)先行词为point,stage(程度,阶段),case,situation,scene(情况、情形、情景)或job,activity,race,life时,关系副词常用where,在语境中指代地点。例如:
I have reached a point in my life where I am supposed to (应该)make decisions of my own.我到了人生中必须为自己做决定的阶段了。
(3)关系副词when表时间,在定语从句中作时间状语,相当于“介词in/at/on/during... +which”结构。
Between the two parts of the concert is an interval, when/during which the audience can buy ice-cream.在音乐会中间有个休息时间,在此期间观众可以购买冰淇淋。
(4)当先行词为occasion, stay, interval等,关系副词when或介词in/at/on/during... +which在语境中指代时间。例如:
In 1999,Jasber went to France to celebrate a significant occasion, on which he proposed tohis girlfriend. 1999年,詹思博尔去法国庆祝他人生中的重要时刻,那一刻,他向女友求了婚。
(5)关系副词why表原因,在定语从句中作原因状语,相当于“介词for + which”结构。
Do you know the reason why/for which he didn’t attend the meeting?你知道他没参加会议的原因吗?
11. 特殊疑问词引导名词性从句
(1)what可引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句。它引导的名词性从句有两个意思:一表示“什么”,带有疑问意味;二表示“……所的……”=the thing that。what引导名词性从句时也可用作限定词,其后修饰名词。例如:
I don’t know what you want. 我不知道你想要什么。
(2)whatever, whoever, whichever为相应特殊疑问词的强调语气,可引导名词性从句,意为“任何……”、“无论……”等。例如:
Whoever wants the book may have it. 任何人要这本书都可以拿去。
You can pick whichever one you like. 你喜欢哪个就挑选哪个。
(3)名词性从句的语序与陈述句语序相同,尤其注意那些由连接代词who(m), whose, which, what 和连接副词when, where, why 等引导的名词性从句,不要受它们在特殊疑问句中用法的影响而误用疑问句词序。例如:
You can’t imagine how excited they were when they received these nice Christmas presents.
你想象不到当他们收到这些精美的圣诞节礼物时有多兴奋。
12. 强调句的句型结构
(1)强调句型的一般结构是“It is/was+被强调部分+that/who+其他成分”,it在句中无意义,只起引出被强调部分的作用。强调人时可用that/who(强调宾语指人时也可用whom)来连接,其他情况一律用that。例如:
It was I that/ who didn’t realize all my mistakes until you told me yesterday. (强调主语)
It was all my mistakes that I didn’t realize until you told me yesterday. (强调宾语)
It was not until you told me yesterday that I realized all my mistake. (强调状语)
(2)强调句型一般疑问句形式:Is/ Was it+被强调部分+that/ who+其他部分(用陈述语序)。例如:
Was it Tom that won the first prize? 是Tom得了一等奖吗?
(3)强调句型的特殊疑问句形式:特殊疑问词+is/was+it+that+该句的其余部分,that后只能使用陈述语序。例如:
When was it that you met the pop star? 你是什么时候见到超级明星的?
(4)在“not...until”强调结构中,由until所引导的短语或从句作时间状语时,要用固定的强调句型:It+is/was+not until... +that+该句的其余部分,that所引导的从句中的谓语动词用肯定式。例如
It was not until you came back that I finished the work.直到你回来我才完成工作。
13. 部分倒装
部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态动词倒装至主语之前。如果句子的谓语没有助动词或情态动词,则需添加助动词do,does或did,并将其置于主语之前。常见的结构有:
(1)否定或半否定的词语、否定结构置于句首,如no,not,never,seldom,little,hardly,at no time,in no way,not until…,Not only…but also,Hardly/Scarcely…when,No sooner… than等。例如:
Never have I seen such a performance. 我从未见过这样的表演。
Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. 母亲一直到孩子入睡后才离开房间。
Not only did he refuse the gift, but he also severely criticized the sender.
他没有收下礼物,还狠狠批评了送礼的人。
Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her. 她刚出门,就有个学生来访。
(2)so,neither,nor表示“也、也不”的句子要部分倒装;表示“的确如此”句子不倒装。例如:
Tom can speak French and so can Jack. 汤姆会讲法语,杰克也会。
—It is raining hard. 雨下得真大。
—So it is.是呀。
(3)“Only+副词/介词短语/状语从句”放在句首时倒装。例如:
Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting. 叫了三次,他才来参加会议。
14. 虚拟语气在if非真实条件句中的规则变化
虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想,所说的是一个条件,不一定是事实,或与事实相反。虚拟语气在条件句中应用比较多。条件句可分为两类,一类为真实条件句,一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况,故采用虚拟语气。
从句 | 主句 | |
与现在事实相反 | did/were | would(should/could/might)do |
与过去事实相反 | had done | would(should/could/might)have done |
与将来事实相反 | did/were were to do should do | would(should/could/might)do |
例如:They might have found a better hotel if they had driven a few more kilometers.
要是他们开车多走几公里的话,他们也许会找到一家更好的旅馆。
15. if非真实条件句的倒装
虚拟条件句的从句部分含有were,should或had时,可省略if,再把were,should或had移到从句的句首进行倒装。例如:
Werethey here now, they could help us. = If they were here now, they could help us.他们现在要是在的话,就会帮助我们了。
Hadyou come earlier, you would have met him. =If you had come earlier, you would have met him.你来得早一点,就碰到他了。
Shouldit rain, the crops would be saved. =Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.假如下雨,庄稼就有救了。
16. 名词性从句中的虚拟语气
(1)用于主语从句中
It is demanded (requested/required/insisted/suggested/proposed…)/important (essential/necessary/natural/imperative…) / a pity (a shame/no wonder…) + that…等结构的主语从句,谓语动词用should加动词原形,should可省略。例如:
It is demanded that the president (should)make measures to end the economic recession.人们要求总统应该采取措施阻止经济衰退。
It is necessary that he (should)go to see a doctor. 他应该去看医生,这是必要的。
It is a pity that he (should)fail to come to the party.他没能参加这个聚会,真是遗憾。
(2)用于宾语从句中
在表示命令、建议、要求(如demand, command, request, require, insist, suggest, propose, order, recommend)等一类动词后面的从句中,谓语动词用should加动词原形,should可省略。例如:
I suggest that we (should)hold a meeting next week.我建议下周召开个会议。
He insisted that he (should)be sent there.他要求被派到那儿去。
【注意】若suggest,insist用于其本意“暗示、表明”“坚持认为”时,宾语从句用陈述语气。例如:
Your pale face suggests that you are ill.
I insisted that you were wrong.
(3)用于表语从句和同位语从句中
在demand/command/request/requirement/insistence/suggestion/advice/proposal/recommendation/idea/plan/order等表示要求、建议和命令等名词后面的表语从句、同位语从句中的动词要用虚拟语气,即(should)+动词原形。例如:
My idea is that we (should)get more people to attend the conference. 我的想法是让更多的人来参加会议。
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