https://www.hteacher.net 2020-09-18 09:12 中国教师资格网 [您的教师考试网]
音位规则:
1.序列规则(sequential rule)
英语中的三辅音连缀需遵守以下序列规则:第一个音位必须是/s/,第二个音位必须是: /p/ 或 /t/或 /k/,第三个音位必须是:/l/ 或 /r/ 或 /w/,如splendid, stragight;
2.同化规则(Assimilation rule)
英语语音中的同化规则如下,①由浊辅音转为清辅音(voiced-voiceless);②由齿龈音[n]的发音常受到后面辅音的影响,[n]后辅音如果是双唇音时要同化为[m],如ten minutes[tem’minits], [t]-[p],如right place [raip place],[d]-[b],如good-bye[gub bai];③[s]+[j] this year, [z]+[j]-如where’s yours,/t/+/j/-/tʃ/如last year; /d/+/j/-如/dʒ/.
3.Deletion rule(省略规则)
如当一个单词以鼻音结尾,而在这个鼻音前存在一个[g],那么这个[g]不发音,如sign, design, paradigm等
4.形态学:形态学研究词汇的内部结构以及构词法则,其考查的知识点较常规,难度相对低,考生只要掌握形态学包含的基本概念即可,如词素(morpheme),自由词素(free morpheme)、黏着词素(bound morpheme)、曲折词素(inflectional morpheme),英语构词法。要求考生能在理解概念的基础上能灵活根据给定单词识别其相应词素量或识别其构词方式,如The word “chronology” contains morphemes.
four B. three
C. two D. five
5.语义学:语义学研究词与词、句子与句子之间的关系;语义学也是考查重点,如试题:The lexical relation between damp and moist is ___A____.
A. synonymy B. antonymy
C. hyponymy D. homonymy
【试题示例】
Which of the following is an entailment of the utterance “Annie broke the window”? ____C___
A. Annie was careless. B. Annie was disruptive
C. Annie did something to the window. D. It was Annie who broke the window.
现将语义关系系统梳理,就词与词之间的关系而言,存在如下关系:
①同义关系(synonymy);其又可细分为方言同义(dialectal synonyms)如lift & elevator;
文体同义(stylistic synonyms )如dad & father; 表情意义或评价意义相异的同义词,如 collaborator & accomplice;搭配同义词(collocational synonyms )accuse &charge;
语义相异的同义词(Semantically different synonyms) rage暗含“情感的失控” indignation暗含“由于道义上的原因引起的愤怒;
②反义关系( antonymy ); 其又可细分为等级反义(Gradable antonyms),如young & old;互补反义(complementary antonyms), 如alive & dead;互逆反义(Relational opposites) husband & wife, buy & sell;
③一词多义(Polysemy) ,如apply“申请; 应用”
④同音(形)异义(Homonymy), 其又可分为同音异义(Homophones),如night/knight rain/reign; 同形易义(Homographs),如tear(n.)/ tear(v) , record(n.)/record(v);
⑤上下义关系Hyponymy, 上义词(superodinate)指概念上外延更广的词,如花(flower)是玫瑰(rose)的上义词,植物又是花的上义词;下义词(hyponymy)指概念上内涵更窄的词,如玫瑰(rose)、郁金香(tulip)、菊花(chrysanthemum)便是花(flower)的下义词。
就句子与句子而言,存在以下关系:
①X与Y同义(X is synonymous with Y)
如The boy killed the dog.= The dog was killed by the boy.
②X与Y不一致(X is inconsistent with Y)
如John is married.& John is a bachelor.(3)X entails Y.
③X蕴含entail Y(Y是X的一个含义(entailment))
He bought some roses.& He bought some flowers.
④ X预设Y(Y是X的先决条件)X presupposes Y./Y is a prerequisite of X
如He bought some roses. & He had some money.
⑤自我矛盾(X is a contradiction)
My unmarried sister is married to a man.
⑥语义反常(X is semantically anomalous)
The table has bad intentions.
综上所述,词义关系容易理解,考生只要识别词义,识记相应关系的英文表达即可;句意关系中的考查重点亦是难点的为蕴含关系和预设关系,由于其容易混淆,考生可选择记住一个典型例子即可,如“他买了玫瑰花”蕴含了“他买了花”;“他买了玫瑰花”的前提是“他有钱”,在考试时进行灵活套用,保证万无一失。
6.语用学:语用学研究语言使用者如何使用句子进行成功交际的,其涉及的高频考点有Austin的speech act theory,考生需要理解并区分言内行为(locutionary act)、言外行为(illocutionary act)、言后行为(perlocutionary act);同时Grice的会话合作原则也是重点,会话合作原则(Cooperative principle)在进行会话时,参与者起码得愿意合作,否则交谈就无法进行,其包括以下四个原则:数量准则(The maximum of quantity)、质量准则(The maximum of quality)、关联准则(The maximum of relation)、方式准则(The maximum of manner),说话者若违背某一准则便会产生“会话含义”,即言外之意, 考生需要掌握各会话原则概念,并能够准确地从给定语句中识别说话者违背了哪项原则,并能理解其言外之意即可。
【试题示例】
The following conversation clearly violates the ___B_
A: How did you finally go to school today?
B: The bus arrived so fast that I got to school very early.
A. Maxim of Quantity B. Maxim of Relation
C. Maxim of Quality D. Maxim of Manner
语言学知识是资格证笔试考查的重点。同时也是难点。对语言学常识掌握地比较薄弱的考生可以系统地将语言学常识熟悉梳理,在备考时要注意对语言学中的基本概念的积累,可参考戴炜栋《新编简明英语语言学教程》。
由于英语资格证试题原题复现频率几乎为零,加之知识点泛、杂,所以透彻理解知识点,多练理论用于实践才是王道;因此考生更要提早备考,在理解领会和日常积累的基础之上,学会融会贯通,一题会题题会。
最后,华图教育衷心祝愿广大考生能够成功迈出教师之路第一步,早日实现教师梦!
责任编辑:郭爽
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